Resultado

Aqui o teste do jogo:

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<input/>
<button>Adivinhou o numero?</button>

<script>
    function random() {

       return Math.round(Math.random() * 10);

    }

    function randomNumbers(quantity) {

        var guess = [];

        var number = 1;

        while(number <= quantity) {

              var randomNumbers = random();
              var sureShot = false;

              if (randomNumbers !== 0) {
                     for(var position = 0; position < guess.length; position++) {

                           if(guess[position] == randomNumbers){
                                sureShot = true;
                                break;
                           }

                     }

                     if (sureShot == false) {
                           guess.push(randomNumbers);
                           number++;
                     }
              }

        }

        return guess;

    }

    var guess = randomNumbers(3);

    console.log(guess);

    var input = document.querySelector("input");
    input.focus();

    function verifica() {

       var sureShot = false;

       for(var position = 0; position < guess.length; position++) {

              if(input.value == guess[position]) {

                     alert("ACERTOU!");
                     sureShot = true;
                     break;
              } 
       }

       if(sureShot == false) {

              alert("ERROU!");
       }

       input.value = "";
       input.focus();

    }

    var button = document.querySelector("button");

    button.onclick = verifica;

</script>

Criação inspirada em breve!!!