Revisei meu código diversas vezes, mas não encontrei o erro.
package br.com.thiago.agenda;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton;
import android.support.design.widget.Snackbar;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ListView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import br.com.thiago.agenda.dao.AlunoDAO;
import br.com.thiago.agenda.modelo.Aluno;
public class ListaAlunosActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_lista_alunos);
        carregaLista();
        Button novoAluno = (Button) findViewById (R.id.novo_aluno);
        novoAluno.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick (View v)  {
                Intent intentVaiProFormulario = new Intent (ListaAlunosActivity.this, FormularioActivity.class);
                startActivity(intentVaiProFormulario);
            }
        });
    }
    private void carregaLista()  {
        AlunoDAO dao = new AlunoDAO(this);
        List<Aluno> alunos = new ArrayList<Aluno>();
        alunos = dao.buscaAlunos();
        dao.close();
        ListView listaAlunos = (ListView)  findViewById(R.id.lista_alunos);
        ArrayAdapter<Aluno> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<Aluno>(this,  android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, alunos);
        listaAlunos.setAdapter(adapter);
    }
    @Override
    protected void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        carregaLista();
    }
}package br.com.thiago.agenda;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuInflater;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;
import br.com.thiago.agenda.dao.AlunoDAO;
import br.com.thiago.agenda.modelo.Aluno;
public class FormularioActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private FormularioHelper helper;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_formulario);
        helper = new FormularioHelper (this);
    }
    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.menu_formulario, menu);
        return super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu);
    }
    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        switch (item.getItemId()) {
            case R.id.menu_formulario_ok:
                Aluno aluno = helper.pegaAluno();
                AlunoDAO dao = new AlunoDAO(this);
                dao.insere(aluno);
                dao.close();
                Toast.makeText(FormularioActivity.this, "Aluno " + aluno.getNome() + " salvo!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                finish();
                break;
        }
        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }
} 
            