Não está passando o valor id da série para o seasons\index.blade.php , mas o valor existe no series\index.blade.php, conforme figura abaixo:
<x-layout tittle="Séries">
<a href="{{ route('series.create') }}" class="btn btn-primary mb-2" >Adicionar</a>
@isset($mensagemSucesso)
<div class=“alert alert-success”>
{{ $mensagemSucesso }}
</div>
@endisset
<ul class="list-group">
@foreach ($series as $serie)
<li class="list-group-item d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center">
<a href="{{ route('seasons.index', $serie->id) }}">
{{ $serie->nome }}
</a>
<span class="d-flex">
<a hef href="{{ route('series.edit', $serie->id) }}" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">
Editar
</a>
<form action="{{ route('series.destroy', $serie->id) }}" method="post" class="ms-2">
@csrf
@method('DELETE')
<button class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">
Excluir
</button>
</form>
</span>
</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</x-layout>
no seasons\index.blade.php só aparece o título
<x-layout tittle="Temporadas de {!! $series-> nome !!}">
<ul class="list-group">
@foreach ($seasons as $season)
<li class="list-group-item d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center">
Temporada {{ $season->number }}
<span class="badge bg-secondary">
{{ $season->episodes->count() }}
</span>
</li>
@endforeach
</ul>
</x-layout>
Coloquei um dd no SeasonsController pra ver o q chegava e vai vazio
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Models\Series;
class SeasonsController extends Controller
{
public function index(Series $series){
dd($series);
$seasons = $series->seasons()->with('episodes')->get();
return view('seasons.index')->with('seasons', $seasons)->with('series', $series);
}
}